SELFIE TRAGEDY Young woman dies after ‘falling out of a second-storey window while taking a selfie’ in London

Toni Kelly gave the final gift of life, with her organs donated to save the lives of others in need.

dominant: that we should feel empathy for her as she died and donated her organs which would be seen as a omnibenevolent thing to do. 

negotiated:  

oppositional: thats its stupid that she gave her organs and that she died taking a selfie. 

Stuart Hall: media audience and representations
Reception theory
since the 1980, a group of theories have emerged around reception.  A dominant of preferred position,  negotiated position is when there is a mixture of adaptations, and oppositional disagrees with the position.
Stuart Hall's: encoding- meaning put in( to a media product). decoding- taken out: she is attractive, she is just pretty. This makes people insecure.
polysemy- a range of many potential meaning.

Media
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/4895089/becky-watts-killer-marry-her-lesbian-lover/

Five things about women in the press
The UK press according to Lord justice levesons shows women unfairly and unjustly. There are five factors which they use to discredit women in the UK newspapers which are:
1.Sex objects
2.wives and mothers
3.passive roles
4.relative invisability
5.too fat/ thin/old/young.

Sex objects:
1. extremely sexual images, seen as terrible as pornography.
2. Anna Van Heeswijk of campaign group Object, told the Leveson Inquiry.
3. She collect evidence which confirmed that: excessive objectification of women in some parts of the press, making them seem like mere sex tools. This test was done on 11 British newspaper articles .
 4. There was also an example on the Daily Star story in 2001 about the singer Charlotte Church, then aged 15, with the commentary: "She's a big girl now... looking chest swell". 
5. Another example was:

•  Press coverage of I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! largely focused on bikini-clad soap star Helen Flanagan
• When she was voted off this week, tabloid headlines included "Helen's melons out in telly jungle shocker" and "They're out"

Shot types for our fake news story
long shots
close-up
mid-shot
medium close-up
 
news  report scene: mid-shot
teenage boys sitting scene: long shot
dialogues: mid-close-up

Media- newspaper story analysis

The news story I am addressing is "BECKY FIEND WEDS Becky Watts Killer Shauna Hoare wants to marry her lesbian lover behind bars". This news story is about a woman named Shauna Hoare who killed Becky watts and is trying to get approval from the prison chapel to marry Bernie Chance whilst she is in prison. This news story mainly incorporates news values such as: negativity, binary oppositions and predictability.  News values are the aspects of the newspaper which can be inferred to give across a certain message due to images, what is written in the newspaper and subtitles that are normally a short abbreviation of the news story it is addressing.
The newspaper story uses the news value of negativity as the newspaper can be seen as occasionally pessimistic and disrespectful to the idea of Shauna Hoare marrying Bernie Chance. This is clearly shown in the title of the news article as the noun “fiend" is used which is normally associated for someone being a demon or some sort of abnormal being. This shows that the journalist is trying to demonstrate that she should not be allowed to marry Bernie Chance. The title "BECKY FIEND WEDS" is all in bold letter which is purposely done to stand out to the person who is reading and to show that it is absolutely outrageous for Shauna Hoare to actually consider getting married after everything she has done. As the newspaper article develops, they state that Becky ‘s mother, Tanya would despise this as she says that” the teen’s big day should have been her wedding, not her funeral”. This shows that the mother had the stereotypical expectations of how woman were expected to get married; ideally this is seen as a important day which is enjoyable so Shauna having the chance to actually experience such an amazing day whilst Becky is dead to her is unfair. 

Shauna Hoarse- killed Becky and wants to marry her lesbian lover.


  Becky watts- the girl who was murdered at 16 years. 



                                                                                 
Furthermore, the newspaper article uses binary oppositions which are in support with Galtung and Ruge theory as binary oppositions are aspects which are unspoken, can be inferred and are opposites of one another. For example, good vs. evil. The newspaper does this successfully by illustrating one image of Becky watts and one image of Shauna Hoarse. Both images are a Mid-shot there by showcasing facial features, body posture and clothing. This binary opposition as one picture has a positive display and the other quite negative display. Becky Watts image looks aesthetically appealing as   she is smiling and is wearing a blue dress which makes her look elegant and beautiful. The fact that she is smiling connotes that she is joyful and is having fun. The chosen picture consists her wearing a dress which is blue which connotes loyalty and trust, making her looks extremely innocent. This makes people become agitated and annoyed by Shauna Horse as she killed someone who may be seen as such a lovely girl. She also, has the look of a stereotypical woman making her an example of how woman were demonstrated in society.  In contrast, you have an image of Shauna Horse were she has a stern look on her face which may make her look intimidating and unapproachable.  She also looks exhausted as she has eye bags underneath her eyes. This connotes that she puts herself under a lot of pressure and stress making people not really finding her appealing. This is in contrast with the woman ideology as the fact that she has these qualities makes her look macho like a man instead of weak and venerable.

The newspaper consists of the news value of predictability as it is obvious the mother Tanya wouldn’t want Shauna Hoarse to be allowed to marry as her child didn’t get a chance to get married. Also, after stating at the start that she detests the idea of the marriage taking place the writer of the newspaper reinforces it by using even more impactful phrases such as “devastating blow” and “refuse” to emphasise how much people should not support the idea. But instead, oppose it as the mother of the person who was killed is clearly not ready to forgive.

I conclude that this newspaper article is hinting that people should not permit the marriage to go on and that the prison capital should not support it despite the occasional  references of how Bernie chance feels about her lover Shauna as that is biased as Bernie loves her. The following news values predictability, negativity and binary oppositions mean. Predictability: a story or reference which has an obvious outcome in a news story. For example, a riot is expected to be violent. Negativity: “if its news, it’s bad news”. This implying that even if a newspaper article is seen as positive there will be some sort of catastrophe or issue. Binary oppositions: complete opposites of one another can be used in narratives. For example,  Men and women.  Galtung and ruge theory is clearly shown in this article as all these news value create inferred meaning which therefore opposed Shauna.  For example, the title of the article which was pessimistic.



presentation
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eZcGNDB04coNtG2pBKVm9gbqnv4IKVs-/view?usp=sharing

Report: 0.7 percent of terror attack
Notes:

• Western Europe accounted for less than one percent of the 34,676 people killed in "terror" attacks in 2016, and only two percent of attacks, according to a new report.
• attacks killed 19,121 people in North Africa and the Middle East - 55 percent of the total.
• hardly any cases in europe however a significant difference in north africa and the Middle east.
• Iraq alone suffered nine of the 11 deadliest attacks in 2016
• Iraq suffered the worst attack of the year
• In South Asia, Pakistan was the worst-affected country, with more than 1,100 people killed, while in sub-Saharan Africa the attacks were concentrated mainly in Nigeria and Somalia.
• Recent attacks in Spain used cars.

“This is Abuse- would you stop yourself?” advert
Who are the audience?
The audience for this advert is teenagers as it
Who has made it and what is the purpose?
What techniques are used and do these make us feel bound to agree?
Be Food Smart-Change4Life
Can the government help to cultivate a change in lifestyle and eating habits?  What techniques are used and do these make us feel bound to agree.? Have a look at the accompanying website and consider which other marketing techniques are used

Modes of address
direct/indirect
Direct- speaking to the viewer directly, using you or your(but not always)and it reinforces preferred reading.
indirect- more 'objective' speech and more descriptive about the product.
Authoritative/ familiar
Authoritative- telling you what to do and uses imperative speeches.
familiar- more chatty speeches

Key terms
user generated content (UGC)- examples: social networking sites, youtube, wikipedia. content made by non-professionals
How can it be used as marketing?

• cost effective 
• more accessible
• shareable content
• provides exposure  

shareable content
pro-summer- we are no longer 'simply' consumers- we produce our content. Since the term "prosumer" has been used to describe the blurring of the lines between producers and consumers.
But the dawn of Web 2.0 make this more of a reality to everyone.

participatory culture

collective intelligence- this a concept (used by media theorist jenkins) that proposes that Noby know everything . we all know something.


The Starbucks #WhiteCupContest. Which attracted around 4000 entries over three weeks https://news.starbucks.com/news/starbucks-invites-you-to-decorate-its-iconic-white-cup
-  According to IPSOS, user-generated content is 35% more memorable than other media, and 50% more trusted.

• Consider the position of audience as “pro-sumer” and “collective intelligence.
• ” Why is user-generated advertising so powerful?

Why is user-generated advertising so powerful?

User generated advertising is content which is made by non-professionals. For example: social networking sites, YouTube and Wikipedia. These online platforms allow you to create shareable content which can be viewed by anyone. Within Starbucks iconic white cup decoration idea, people have incorporated user-generated advertising which infers that people have taken pictures or  reviews in any conceivable way to showcase the decorative cup event.
User-generated advertising is extremely powerful for various reasons such as being cost effective, more accessible, shareable content and it provides exposure. User generated advertising is cost effective as we don't have to pay to get access to it. Furthermore, as being the pro-sumer we are building  awareness for specific events, commemorative items or anything we are trying to demonstrate. By doing this, we can be rewarded money in the long run which also allows you to profit. This is cost effective as you showcasing this to a wider audience  instead of using outdated traditional media which are more time consuming and permits you to use a lot of money.
  Moreover, user-generated advertising is powerful as its  more accessible there by implying that you can get access to it more frequently. This is due too the fact that they can be viewed with various devices. For example, social networking sites such as, Facebook as it also an app which can be used on phones, tablets, desktops... Some of these devices do not require to be plugged anywhere which means you can use it anywhere making it more accessible. In comparison, traditional media  such as TV which are wired so can only be viewed in certain areas such as a house. It is also more accessible as it can be used as shareable content which means you can get access to it more commonly.  Shareable content makes it more powerful as it allows you to give it more exposure and builds awareness. This uses the collective intelligence concept  as if people are spontaneously posting content; "nobody knows everything" so by more people posting it they will feel that due to it having a collective response; its trustworthy so people feel like they are starting to know more.

Task - Pros and cons

Hire more journalists to cover a bigger range of events.

pros- appeals to a wider audience as your illustrating different events which may appeal to different sets of people.

cons- they will have to pay the journalist more in order for him to review different events.

Put more ‘sponsored content’ online and in your paper.

Sack journalists

pros- more profit made as they spend less money on journalists.

cons-people might talk badly about the company due to them firing people. This may jeopardise their reputation.

Make journalists tweet more.

pros- keeps the audience engaged on the news they are displaying.

cons-it's time consuming so may take them longer to create their newspapers.

Make journalists write about celebrities more.

Increase cost of paper

Put up ‘paywall’

Ask readers to write more stories (for free)

Shut down your paper (go online only)

Decrease price of newspaper (or make it free)

Anything else?????

conglomeration
1. a number of different things, parts or items that are grouped together;collection.
2.the process of forming a conglomerate.

News values
convergence- refers to the crossing over/ coming together of platforms, teeths, devices in media
galtung and ruge (1981)
These theorists argued that news is structured according to unspoken values, rather than discovered. Here some of their key terms.
key terms:
Frequency- the time scale it happens.
Threshold- "the size of an event that's needed to be considered as newsworthy".
Proximity- "This value is to do with how close to home a story is".
the "Other"- Paul Giroy
non-white people in the media are often defined according to what makes them different from the (white) majority. These values usually negative.
Do the statistics link to the proportion of news coverage?
negativity- if its news, its bad news
predictability- although a key convention of news is to present events as surprisingly, actually a lot of these are predictable.
continuity and narrative- news involves story-telling just like fiction, and it is convenient for journalists to cover stories which are likely to continue over a period of time, with news unfolding. binary oppositions are also used.
binary oppositions: two opposing values/characters. Tension between drive a narrative forward
compositions- Newspapers need to be balanced out, and if the editor feels that there is a disappropriate type of news
personalisation-events are often

The news industry
News corp
A conglomerate that owns:
financial services
Wireless media(Radio inc. Talksport and virgin radio)
HarperCollins(Book publisher)
21st century fox
Twenty-First Century Fox Inc. is an American multinational mass media corporation based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
subsidiaries:  

20th Century Fox Blue Sky Studios (80%) 20th Century Fox Television Fox Star Studios Fox Broadcasting FX Networks Fox News Channel Sky plc Endemol Shine Group (50%) 20th Television Fox Television Stations National Geographic Partners(73%) Fox Sports Networks Hulu (30%) YES Network (80%) TrueX Star TV Fox Digital Entertainment Regency Enterprises (20%) FoxNext Fox VFX Labs

Media plurality

 preventing any one media owner or voice having too much influence over public opinion and the political agenda.

Power without responsibility

in their book james Curran and jean Seaton argue that the press holds a lot of power, but has little responsibility.

the concentration of ownership(Oligopolies) makes this worse.